A Primitive Civilization In A Failed Utopia Essay - 714 Words

A Primitive Civilization In A Failed Utopia Symbolism can be used to represent many aspects of a person place or thing. Throughout the novel the boys lose all symbols that represent there civilization such as there clothes and uniforms. In this novel symbolism is used to show how the boys change their outlook on their primitive society and rules. They are used in the novel Lord of the Flies to show the deterioration and destruction of the boys society and rules. The conch, the glasses and the masks all have a greater meaning in the novel. The conch is used throughout the novel Lord of the Flies to symbolize law and order of the adult world which the boys try to recreate. The conch. I got the right to speak. (p 45,Piggy)†¦show more content†¦At the beginning of the novel the conch represents law and order. As the boys split apart the conch becomes less important and is eventually destroyed. After all this happens Ralphs small tribe is also destroyed. The conch is used to represent law, order and society in the same way that Piggys glasses are used. The glasses represent logic, order and hope. Piggy defends the glasses more than the conch because he believes logic is more important than order.Then, with the martyred expression of a parent who has to keep up with the senseless ebullience of the children, he [Piggy] picked up the conch, turned toward the forest, and began to pick his way over the tumbled scar.(p38, narrator). This shows how piggy thinks of things first. Without logic there would be no order. The glasses are a sign of hope for the boys. They use the glasses for fire, there rescue signal, to cook there food and for light to protect them from the beastie at night.his specs, use them as burning glasses! (P40, Jack). They all work together in the beginning but the boys slowly lose interest in the fire as different things start to become for important such as hunting and playing. They let the bloody fire out...( p71, Ralph). Ralph says this after the ship, their only hope for rescue goes unseen. Only a few boys remain loyal. The glasses symbolize logic but the masks the boys wear create an excuse not to be logical and civilized. The purpose of the masks are toShow MoreRelatedA Utopia By George Orwell1477 Words   |  6 PagesMany characteristics of the society that americans live in now demonstrate a utopia, therefore, they also demonstrate a dystopia. A utopia is a perfect world in which there are no problems like war, disease, poverty, oppression, discrimination, inequality, and more universal problems existing. A dystopia is a world in which nothing is perfect. Problems are extreme things are dysfunctional and problematic. A utopia does not turn into a dystopia until the people living in that society do not live authenticRead MoreA Fragile Civilization in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe lord of the flies is a novel by William Golding author published in 1954 that shows fragility of civilization. It describes the regressive course of children themselves. After a plane crash, a group of children found alone without adults on a deserted island. Quickly the group organized in a democratic pattern: they choose by-election a leader, Ralph, and decide the role of each. Meetings organized, privileged moments lyrics. Various incidents and life which looks tougher as they thought initiallyRead MoreUtopi A Colony Of Human Virtue And Happiness3490 Words   |  14 PagesUtopia is a thing every modern civilization strives for. In Greek, the word topos means place, but the prefix ou- or eu-, rendered in modern English as u has a double meaning: ou- means no while eu- means good. In other words, the literal translation of utopia can be either good place or â€Å"no place.† When asked the definition of â€Å"utopia† one can assume the recurring answer would correspond to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s opening statement in The Scarlet Letter saying that utopia is â€Å"a colony†¦ofRead More Plato’s Influence on Western Civil ization Essay3085 Words   |  13 PagesOur country is built on a set of values derived from ancient civilizations, individuals, and city-states; both negative and positive attributes of these relics can be proven to have assisted in molding our government into a unique and prized entity. Never would one imagine that western civilization is actually inclined by theories of truth and the human beings perception of it. Few would have thought that a primitive concept could be linked to the setbacks of other societies and their forms of socializationRead MoreSymbolism in the Movie Fight Club3315 Words   |  14 Pagesoccupations including a night-time movie projectionist and a waiter. Tyler, however, most identifies himself with the job of selling soap, thus lending weight to the symbolic importance played by soap in the movie. Tyler calls soap the foundation of civilization and tells the narrator that the first soap was made from the ashes of heroes. He also uses lye, a chemical ingr edient of soap, to introduce the narrator to the pain of premature enlightenment. In this role, soap is a symbol of purificationRead More Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 PagesColumbus Fay protesters in Washington poured fake blood on the Union Station statue of Columbus. Marlon Brando recently demanded that his name be removed from the credits of the new movie, Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, on the ground that the film failed to portray Columbus as the true villain he was, the man directly responsible for the first wave of genocidal obliteration of the native peoples of North America. (Brandos role in the film, by the way, was Torquemada.) In the university townRead MoreTerrorism – Is There Any Working Global Frameworks to Counter It?3741 Words   |  15 Pagescould not defend their own headquarters - the Pentagon. It can be guessed that they also found strong support in the circles associated with the armaments and the oil industries. Their actions led to war with two countries: Afghanistan and Iraq. They failed to break Al- Qaeda, even after catching its leader - Osama bin Laden. But contrary to what makes the U.S., war on terrorism cannot be equal with war with countries where terrorists operate or from where they come, even if these countries grant themRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPuerto Rico have moved into that category, and Thailand, Turkey, northern Mexico, and Malaysia seem to be heading there. However, migration controls, variations in labor and wage laws, and the constantly shifting flows of trade and finance that often failed to reproduce the holistic cycles of goods, money, and people in the previous Atlantic migrations will drag the process out. As in the past, migrant remittances have varied effects. Much of the money sent home then and now has gone toward conspicuousRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM SEMIOTICS THE SPIRIT OF MANIPULATION . A compà ¡rison suggests itself— and deserves more attention than the brief remarks that follow—between that obsession with breakdown analysis and montage and certain tendencies of the modern spirit and civilization. In its moments of excess, when inspiration would desert it, montage cinema (other than in Eisenstein s films) came at times very close to being a kind of mechanical toy—in a world, it is true, where erector sets are not the only syntagmatic toysRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory focuses attention on the human issues in organization This chapter shows how a body of organization theory known as neo-modernism emerged during the 1920s largely out of concerns that modernist organization theory (see Chapter 2) failed to explain the place of ‘the human’ in the organization. The advocates of neo-modernism rejected the idea that people in organizations only work for economic reward and that their primary motivation for working more productively is for even greater

Norm Paper Free Essays

PAPER # 1: BREAKING A NORM NAME: Nisha Tommy A norm is a principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulates proper and acceptable behavior. Social norms are group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context. Sociologists describe norms as informal understandings that govern society’s behaviors, while psychologists have adopted a more general definition, recognizing smaller group units, like a team or an office, may also endorse norms separate or in addition to cultural or societal expectations. We will write a custom essay sample on Norm Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The psychological definition emphasizes social norms’ behavioral component, stating norms have two dimensions: how much behavior is exhibited and how much the group approves of that behavior. The people living in the society develop social norms. These norms have its importance and pay a vital role in the socialization of an individual and molding of personality. There are some important functions of social norms, which play essential part in the smooth of the society. These are control behavior, harmonize the society, and law and order. I chose to violate a social norm when riding on the elevator. I did this in a hospital environment where doctors, nurses, technicians, and mostly patients were around me. I monitored the reaction of ten different groups throughout the experiment to get the best result. It is included different nationality and different age group. I rode the elevator ten times but instead of standing the â€Å"normal† way which is facing the door an unspoken social norm I stood the wrong way standing by the door looking at the back of the elevator. I felt very uncomfortable for the first few times but, after that I started enjoying people’s nonverbal reactions. Still it is hard to break a norm by knowingly breaking it. I got various reactions. Some people stare at me as if I was not normal. Some rolled their eyes and others startled their forehead. Some of them asked me if I was ok. Some couples looked each other and smiled. Some shook their head. Some of them didn’t look at me at all they were looking on the floor. One of the employees asked me â€Å"Do you work here? Which department do you work for? † One person asked me â€Å"Do you have elevators in your country†? One person asked me â€Å"how long have you been in US†? After my answer she made a facial expression. The question â€Å"Are you ok? ’’ contradicted my hypothesis and proved it wrong which was even if I stand the wrong way in the elevator and go against the social norm then people still won’t really react. This experiment proved my hypothesis wrong. While I had thought I wouldn’t get any reactions I did in reality get many reactions from staring to being asked if I was ok. Many people stared at me as though there was something wrong with me or even felt uncomfortable around me. My hypothesis was proven wrong because clearly breaking a social norm is more significant than I had assumed. The experiment proved a lot about social norms and breaking them. It showed the significance of social norms how much social norms play a role in society and people as individuals act. The social norm I broke was implicit yet it proved to be so great in how people saw me and how they reacted. I standing the wrong way changed the way some people felt in the elevator they started to feel uncomfortable because my actions went against the social norm which is standing facing the door and anything that goes against the social norm is not normal. The gesture was small yet it proved to generate greater reactions. This experiment proves that there are such things as social norms that aren’t even formally stated and as a society rules are set as to how once should behave and when broken one is met reactions and seen as different and â€Å"not normal†. Even in fast paced places where people tend to be too busy or they are stressed or even too sick to notice, people notice the breaking of social norms and react toward it because that is how people were taught to look at differently those who don’t follow the social norm. I had believed that in United State where the attitude of minding your business is what people shape their lives around this would not be the case but I was wrong. Adhering to social norms is clearly a big part of people’s lives and shapes the way they act. What surprised me about the results was the way people acted toward me how some people were feeling uncomfortable. This surprised me because they were acting like there might be something wrong with me just because I was standing the wrong way. The man who asked me if I am ok shocked me the most because I didn’t expect anyone to actually ask me this. All of this also shows how the environment plays a role in a person’s life. The social norms of a place which differ from place to place shapes the society it sets the social code. Especially in the case of the man who asked me if I was ok. His behavior and the rest of the experimental group showed how me breaking the social norm affects not only me but the people around me and changes the way I am seen to the world. He would have probably not asked me this is I was standing the right way. But because I violated the social norm his behavior and reactions changed. The groups acted differently because of the variable which made all the difference. One can bring in conformity to explain these results. Society as a whole has learned to conform so as not to be the odd one out. The social based rules that were made people as a whole have learned to change their behavior to conform to the universal social code so they aren’t different. And when they see someone who acts differently they see them as â€Å"weird† different. People like behaviorists would say have been â€Å"shaped† a certain way a socially acceptable which is why people reacted the way they did to me. I went against everyone the rules of society by not conforming hence I was the odd one out. If it weren’t for the social norms then maybe I would not have gotten the reactions I did because there wouldn’t be anything to conform too. One can infer that some of the reactions showed the following of the social norm of not being rude. While some of them stared they did not do anything as not to be rude which is in its own way following a social norm of politeness. This experiment has taught me basically a lot more about social norms and society. I got to see firsthand how social norms work and how much they play a role in everyone’s daily lives. I learned how people react toward people who don’t follow the social norms and break them. If this experiment was conducted somewhere else I would say definitely the results would be different, because the place makes the social norms. Every environment is different and society makes rule based on that. What might be acceptable in one place might not be so acceptable in another and vice versa. For example in some place standing away at a decent distance is considered disrespectful that is going against the social norm whereas in America that is not the case. Here standing too close is breaking the social norm. The results might have been more drastic or there might have not been any reaction at all. This experiment helped in providing the significance of social norms. The experiment also proved to show the difference between following and breaking social norms. After breaking the social norm I got to see many reactions which proved my hypothesis wrong and showed how conformity has a strong impact on society. By standing backwards in an elevator I broke the social norm of standing facing the back of the elevator and hence I became the odd one out. I enjoyed doing this experiment as a whole. How to cite Norm Paper, Essay examples

Personal Story Winter Essay Example For Students

Personal Story Winter Essay The seasons are so fascinating to me; how they come in the same order every year patiently waiting to grace us with their presence. Each one has its own personality. Yet spring, summer, fall nor winter ever fail to surprise me with their wide range of temperatures. I have to admit though, winter happens to be my favorite. The first winter morning is the best; it sets the tone for the next 3 months of our lives. As I step outside to take a walk, the temperature feels like its dropping twenty degrees every second. The brisk wind hits my body, numbing my fingers and toes. My ears start to freeze and my nose gets runny; it feels like icicles are forming at the tip. Its so quiet; not a child playing or a bird chirping. The grass and bushes are covered in frost blankets and the trees stand naked, waiting for spring to come and return their clothes. The sun is shining bright yet you dont get to feel its rays, its like a huge light bulb in the sky shining light on our path. The streets are foggy and lonely, but I am not alone for the wind whispers and sings to me keeping me company. Although the winter mornings are full of surprises, the winter sporting events are even more exciting. I dont know what it is, but no one shows more school spirit during any other season like they do in the winter. The baseball, softball, and especially basketball games are normally packed to capacity with people. I have to admit, the student sections are the best to watch. Bundled up in their coats and boots, they cheer for their favorite players and scream at the opposing team. Their faces full of fear and excitement all at once. While half of them watch the score board, the other half watches the net or the plates. I think the parents might have the student section beat though. When I see a parent stand up yelling at his/her child I see all the dedication, the devoted time and belief they have, yet not only in their child but in the team as well. When those last few seconds are among them, the crowd gets butterflies in their stomachs. Doubt sets in and their bodies tense up as they send their prayers up hoping blessings will fall on them. I believe those last few seconds leading up to a win are the best; for those few seconds everything else is forgotten. Its nothing like watching these games with loved ones during the holidays. There isnt a more joyous time, than the winter holidays with family and friends. Homes are filled with people and the people fill the homes with laughter and love. Everyone comes to grandmas house to sit around the fire to fellowship, exchange laughs, play games, and participate in good ole family fun. The food is undeniably delicious; we feast on honey glazed ham, fluffy rolls, dressing with cranberry sauce, sweet potatoes, three different turkeys, dumplings, creamed corn, Marconi and cheese, cabbages, and greens. Before the decadent desserts are brought out, everyone is already full as a tick. They light the Yankee Candles, giving off the sweet aroma of apple cinnamon. As I sit and watch all the people enjoying themselves, my body is filled with self worth and my heart is filled with love, joy and compassion because I realize everyone in the room has the same burning flame inside of them that I just lit inside myself. The feelings captured on these winter holidays are unexplainable and cannot be compared to. Winter has so much meaning and excitement bottled up in one season; I believe thats why I find it to be my favorite. The seasons come and go; spring with its flowers and color, summer with its dry heat and fun, fall with its leaves and rakes, and winter with its snow and boots. Each season carries a different story to be told. Waiting for fall to pass; I will see what winter has in store for me this year.

Rammed Earth free essay sample

Despite Rammed Earths extensive use throughout history, its use is still not so popular within the UK. Reason for this is largely due to architects/ Builders not knowing enough about the material and sticking to the familiar concrete, timber and brick ways that they know, rammed earth can often also be perceived as having cruder finishing and not in keeping with the clean-sharp lined finished which are so often preferred in today’s architecture- Though with the appropriate shuttering clean finishes can be achieved. Building with rammed earth is considered to carry greater risk and uncertainty, the material is yes, more suited to arid climates, but even in arid climates modern method of construction using rammed earth are being continually tried and tested e. g. in Australia. Rammed earth is a perfectly viable and good material to be used within the UK – there is a need to get past the reluctance to use and experiment with it more here the climate presents a challenge which can be won in innovative ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Rammed Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [pic] The Use of Rammed Earth within the UK

Analysis Of The Atomic Bomb Essays - Nuclear Weapons, Free Essays

Analysis Of The Atomic Bomb Essays - Nuclear Weapons, Free Essays Analysis of the Atomic Bomb Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb?s blast, the atomic bomb?s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb?s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (Outlaw Labs). Fission occurs when a neutron, a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical mass. When the fuse is triggered, a conventional explosion causes the second subcritical mass to be propelled at a high velocity into the first subcritical mass. The resulting combination causes the two subcritical masses to become a supercritical mass. When this supercritical mass is obtained, a rapid self-sustained chain reaction is caused (World Book, 1990). This type of atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima, and given the nickname ?Little Boy? after Franklin D. Roosevelt (Outlaw Labs). The second type of atomic bomb is an implosion bomb. In this type a subcritical mass, which is in the shape of a ball, is placed in the center of the weapon. This subcritical mass is surrounded in a spherical arrangement of conventional explosives. When the fuse is triggered all of the conventional explosives explode at the same time. This causes the subcritical mass to be compressed into a smaller volume, thus creating a supercritical mass to be formed. After this supercritical mass is obtained, a self-sustained chain reaction takes place and causes the atomic explosion (World Book, 1990). This type of stomic bomb was used on Nagasaki, and given the nickname ?Fat Man? after Winston Churchill (Outlaw Labs). The blast from an atomic bomb?s explosion will last for only one-half to one second, but in this amount of time a great deal of damage is done (Physicians and Scientists on Nuclear War, 1981). A fireball is created by the blast, which consists mainly of dust and gasses. The dust produced in this fireball has no subeztial effect on humans or their environment. However, as the gasses expand a blast wave is produced. As this blast wave moves, it creates static overpressure. This static overpressure then in turn creates dynamic pressure. The static overpressure has the power to crush buildings. The dynamic pressure creates winds, which have the power to blow down trees (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). The blast pressure and fireball together only last for approximately eleven seconds, but because it contaitns fifty percent of the atomic bomb?s latent energy a great deal of destruction occures (The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1981).

Bushido, The Samurai Code

Bushido, The Samurai Code Bushido was the code of conduct for Japans warrior classes from perhaps as early as the 8th century through modern times. The word bushido comes from the Japanese roots bushi  meaning warrior, and do meaning path or way. Literally, then, it can be translated as the way of the warrior.   Bushido was followed by Japans samurai warriors and their precursors in feudal Japan, as well as much of central  and east Asia. The principles of bushido emphasized honor, courage, skill in the martial arts, and loyalty to a warriors master (daimyo) above all else. It is somewhat similar to the ideas of chivalry that knights followed in feudal Europe. There is just as much folklore that exemplifies bushido- such as the 47  Ronin  of Japanese legend- as there is European folklore about knights.   What is Bushido? A more elaborated list of the virtues encoded in bushido includes frugality, righteousness, courage, benevolence, respect, sincerity, honor, loyalty, and self-control. The specific strictures of bushido varied, however, over time and from place to place within Japan.   Bushido was an ethical system, rather than a religious belief system. In fact, many samurais believed that they were excluded from any reward in the afterlife or in their next lives, according to the rules of Buddhism, because they were trained to fight and kill in this life. Nevertheless, their honor and loyalty had to sustain them, in the face of the knowledge that they would likely end up in the Buddhist version of hell after they died. The ideal samurai warrior was supposed to be immune from the fear of death. Only the fear of dishonor and loyalty to his daimyo motivated the true samurai.  If a samurai felt that he had lost his honor (or was about to lose it) according to the rules of bushido, he could regain his standing by committing a rather painful form of ritual suicide, called seppuku. A public ritual suicide or seppuku.. ivan-96 / Getty Images While European feudal religious codes of conduct forbade suicide, in feudal Japan it was the ultimate act of bravery. A samurai who committed seppuku would not only regain his honor, he would actually gain prestige for his courage in facing death calmly. This became a cultural touchstone in Japan, so much so that women and children of the samurai class were also expected to face death calmly if they were caught up in a battle or siege. Samurai recruits training for the Satsuma Rebellion. Three Lions / Hulton Archive / Getty Images History of Bushido How did this rather extraordinary system arise?  As early as the 8th century, military men were writing books about the use and the perfection of the sword. They also created the ideal of the warrior-poet, who was brave, well-educated, and loyal. In the middle period between the 13th to 16th centuries, Japanese literature celebrated reckless courage, extreme devotion to ones family and to ones lord, and cultivation of the intellect for warriors. Most of the works that dealt with what would later be called bushido concerned the great civil war known as the Genpei War  from 1180 to 1185, which pitted the Minamoto and Taira clans against one another and led to the foundation of the Kamakura Period of shogunate rule. The final phase of the development of bushido was the Tokugawa era, from 1600 to 1868. This was a time of introspection and theoretical development for the samurai warrior class because the country had been basically peaceful for centuries. The samurai practiced martial arts and studied the great war literature of earlier periods, but they had little opportunity to put the theory into practice until the Boshin War  of 1868 to 1869 and the later  Meiji Restoration. As with earlier periods, Tokugawa samurai looked to a previous, bloodier era in Japanese history for inspiration- in this case, more than a century of constant warfare among the daimyo clans. Modern Bushido After the samurai ruling class was abolished in the wake of the Meiji Restoration, Japan created a modern conscript army. One might think that bushido would fade away along with the samurai who had invented it. In fact, Japanese nationalists and war leaders continued to appeal to this cultural ideal throughout the early 20th century and World War II. Echoes of seppuku were strong in the suicide charges that Japanese troops made on various Pacific Islands, as well as in the kamikaze pilots who drove their aircraft into Allied battleships and bombed Hawaii to start off Americas involvement in the war. Today, bushido continues to resonate in modern Japanese culture.  Its stress on courage, self-denial, and loyalty has proved particularly useful for corporations seeking to get the maximum amount of work out of their salarymen.

Sec in Southwestt Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sec in Southwestt Asia - Essay Example This requires an urgent ceasefire between the two countries to restore good relations. As earlier stated, the conflict between India and Pakistan has impacted on the entire South Asian region. The United States is one of the many countries that have been concerned with the war making it a priority agenda (Lamb 1966, p.12). For instance, during the handing over of the presidency from Clinton to George Walker Bush, the former advised Bush that the persistent antagonism between India and Pakistan needed to prioritized because of the dangers posed by the nuclear capabilities of the two countries (Misra 2010, p.32). The objective of this paper is to explore the reasons for the continued hostility between India and Pakistan relations. It will also discuss steps that can be taken to develop and sustain cordial relations between the two countries. Indo-Pak conflict has been a long-standing political conflict that began in 1947 immediately after independence (Brines 1968, p.35). The war has s ince persisted with the two countries being suspicious of each other. Report indicates that the two countries have fought three deadly wars since independent because of the continued friction between the two countries (Raja 2013). ... The war ended in 1949 following a ceasefire leaving the state of Kashmir split into two with India being handed two-thirds of the eastern side of Kashmir (Sareen 2012). Pakistan, on the other hand, gained control of the remaining third of the western Kashmir. However, due to continued hostility over Kashmir, the two countries again engaged each other in war in 1965, with the war ending in a military stalemate with the division of Kashmir remaining unchanged. Ever since, there has been a disagreement over which county owns Kashmir, with both countries claiming rightful ownership. According to Pakistan, Kashmir is the â€Å"K† in Pakistan- a Muslim dominated territory that according to the two-nation theory should rightfully belong to Islam (Sareen 2012). In this regard, Pakistan claims that, as a Muslim majority in Kashmir, the territory should have rightfully formed part of Pakistan at the time of partition in 1947. Therefore, merging Kashmir with Pakistan, according to Pakist anis is termed as â€Å"unfinished business of Partition,† which they intend to ensure, becomes fulfilled (Karim 1996, p.22). Indians, on the other hand, opposes this claim arguing that their possession of Kashmir province is a clear demonstration that Muslim dominated state can exist in India. This according to Indians is a good example of how India embraces people from different faiths. As a result, Indians believe that relinquishing Kashmir territory to Pakistan will threaten Indian unity. Some Indians also believe that additional partitioning of Kashmir according to religion would not do any good, but reopen the status of Muslim as Indian citizens and remind people of the wounds caused by the partition. This struggle has been persistent with both countries claiming

Overweight, Underweight, and Obesity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Overweight, Underweight, and Obesity - Assignment Example To begin with, people should consider eating foods that have low concentration of fats. When a person has high fat intake there is a high possibility that they will have heart related complications. The fat settles on the outer lining of the heart, which leaves little room for the heart’s activities. With limited space of expansion, the heart does not function accordingly. As such, the person will have difficulties especially when the heart does not give the body enough blood supply due to limited space. This is closely connected to obesity where the body needs massive supply of blood. Similarly, the fat in the body builds the lining of arteries and veins. This leaves little room for blood flow in the body. This leads to high pressure in the blood vessels which later leads to hypertension (Sizer and Whitney, 2012). Therefore, reduction of fat consumptions helps the body to function accordingly. When a person needs to reduce the fat in the body, they are advised to work out eve ryday for a minimum of 15 minutes. Similarly, it has been discovered that the growth of cancer cells can be minimized by healthy eating. These foods help increase the immunity of the body to any attacks, for example garlic. It is known that people who maintain healthy eating habits have lesser chances of attacks from hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Therefore, it is prudent to observe healthy eating habits and exercise on a daily

Tesla Motors, Inc. Financial Analysis Essay Example for Free

Tesla Motors, Inc. Financial Analysis Essay Tesla Motors, Inc. was founded in early 2003 by a group of Silicon Valley engineers, incorporated in Delaware on July 1 of the same year, and is now headquartered in Palo Alto, California (â€Å"Tesla- Investor†). The company designs, develops and manufactures electric vehicles and electric vehicle powertrain components. Tesla also provides the same services and powertrain components to other manufacturers of electric vehicles (Analysts Corner 2). Tesla Motors is best known for producing the Tesla Roadster, an all electric sports car released in 2008, with outstanding performance results (â€Å"About Tesla†). Tesla has developed a unique marketing plan that differs from the traditional automotive industry by marketing and selling its products over the internet and through a global network of 32 stores that are owned and operated by Tesla. The company has 2,964 employees and has electric vehicles on the road in 37 countries around the globe (â€Å"About Tesla†; Analysts Corner 2). On June 29, 2010 Tesla Motors Inc. became the first American car company to go public since the Ford Motor Company in 1956. The company offered 11.8 million shares priced at $1 above the initial offering at $17. The IPO was so successful that Tesla offered an additional 20% equity in the company by increasing the offering to $13.3 million shares to meet demand. The company raised a total of $226 million, the stock price soaring up 41% to $25 a share on opening day (Andrejczak). Today, Tesla Motors Inc. (TSLA) is traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange at a price of more than $180 a share. The stock has grown over 800% since its IPO and now Tesla has a market capitalization of over $22 billion. This impressive increase in stock price may come as a surprise to many investors due to the company’s earnings, or lack thereof. Given the current economic conditions, the relatively new market and existing competition; the Tesla stock price is grossly overvalued. Tesla produces an outstanding product with an outstanding price tag. The new Tesla S was designed to compete in the luxury sports car arena along with BMW, Mercedes and Audi. Tesla has estimated that 21,000 Model S will roll out of its production facility in 2013 at a sticker price between $70,000 and $100,000 (Seetharaman; Finger). This year, Mercedes will sell 25,000 luxury sedans in that price range to U.S. consumers and BMW just slightly less than Mercedes (Finger). Tesla has estimated it will produce 40,000 Model S next year, almost twice the number of BMW’s sold in that price range. In the post recessionary economic climate of 2013, there is not a strong demand for vehicles in this price range, even with the $7500 tax credit offered to consumers. The Tesla Model S is still out of reach for most Americans. There are more reasonably priced alternatives in the EV market such as the Nissan Leaf and the Chevy Volt, but sales have been sluggish (Stammers; Alpert). General Motors recently â€Å"announced a $5,000 formal price cut for the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid† and Chrysler has opted to stay out of the EV market until â€Å"dragged there by consumers† (Buss). Since the key to the future profitability of Tesla Motors is in the mass production of an affordable EV, demand for the product becomes paramount. As Dale Buss, an automotive industry journalist explains; It’s one thing for Tesla to sell nearly 1,500 Model S a month at about $70,000 apiece in the U.S. market these days; when Elon Musk’s startup attempts to penetrate the lower part of the EV market with its own model, success will be a lot harder to come by. (Buss) Tesla intends to meet that challenge with the 2016 release of the Gen. III., a Tesla EV with the range of a Model S, but half the price. The 200 mile range of a Tesla EV is what gives it a competitive advantage over other more affordable EVs, but at the cost of additional batteries (Alpert). The added cost of the batteries makes the target price next to impossible to reach, but necessary in order to avoid the fate of other affordable EVs, such as the Volt. So, rather than realize their goal †to accelerate the world’s transition to electric mobility with a full range of increasingly affordable electric cars†(â€Å"Tesla Improves†), Tesla Motors is â€Å"helping create a highly bifurcated segment where only expensive EVs can achieve a feasible volume† while pushing affordable EVs and its own profitable future further out of reach (Buss). Tesla Motors CEO, Elon Musk, maintains that there is still adequate demand for the Model S and that the company has received 10,000 orders in North America alone. The truth of the matter is that the true demand for EVs remains to be seen. In May of 2013, Tesla shocked analysts when it â€Å"stopped disclosing its end-of-quarter order backlog which might have shed light on the issue after previously trumpeting a 15,000-unit reservation list† (Alpert). Many of Tesla’s orders were cancelled due to the company’s price increases on options for the Model S, which added an average 8%-9% to the overall price and stirred up numerous customer complaints on the Tesla website blog (Finger; Blanco). Many consumers are interested in reducing CO2 and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, but simply cannot afford the more expensive alternatives. In an attempt to make Tesla vehicles more affordable and increase sales; Tesla Motors has partnered with U.S. Bank and Wells Fargo Bank to provide financing to qualified Model S customers that includes longer terms, lower payments and the Tesla resale guarantee. â€Å"Buying a Model S through the Tesla financing offering now comes with a guarantee that the resale value will be higher than that of BMW, Audi, Mercedes, Lexus or Jaguar† (â€Å"Tesla Improves†). The guarantee is personally backed by the CEO of Tesla Motors â€Å"to give owners complete peace of mind about the long term value of the product† (â€Å"Tesla Improves†). Elon Musk, Tesla’s chief executive described the financing program during an interview; If our car was chiefly available for purchase and not by financing, I think thats maybe accessible to roughly 1 million US households. A financed product with the right financing-fully optimized financing, I think its probably accessible to the top 10 million households. (Seetharaman) Musk went on to report that since the finance program was implemented, the company has experienced â€Å"a meaningful increase in demand† that he estimates to be about 30,000 cars a year in North America (Seetharaman). There is little doubt that the Tesla financing program has boosted sales. â€Å"In the second quarter 30 percent of sales fell into this category† (Finger). Amazingly, against generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), Tesla records the entire amount of the payment it receives from the bank as  revenue. The bank pays the full amount of the car price to Tesla, but after the 3 year lease agreement ends, Tesla pays the outstanding balance of around $46,000 when it takes the car back as part of the buy-back guarantee. According to GAAP, the $46,000 would be a debt until the bank has been paid. This method of recording debt as revenue makes Tesla look more appealing on the books. Meanwhile, Tesla builds up an expensive and costly inventory of used Model S sedans as it works hard to convince consumers that the model S should be replaced, which effectively lowers the value of their own used inventory. The buy back guarantee has the potential to become a serious liability for the new car company. In an effort to promote the use of cleaner technology and improve the air quality in the state of California, law makers there have implemented a program whereby automobile producers can earn credits for every zero-emission-vehicle (ZEV) and partial-zero-emission-vehicle (PZEV) brought to or sold in the state. Manufacturers can only sell a certain amount of vehicles that don’t fall into this category. The manufacturers then have the option to purchase more credits from other companies in order to continue selling vehicles in California. Tesla earns credit every time the company sells a Model S and these credits are sold to competitors. It has been estimated that for every Model S sold, Tesla receives between $25,000 to $35,000 worth of these credits and could contribute about $188 million in revenue for 2013 (Isidore). This year Tesla Motors Inc. reported its first profit in the first quarter and â€Å"better than projected earnings† for the second quarter (Isidore). A closer look at the source of that revenue reveals that it did not come from sales of vehicles, but actually from the selling of zero-emissions-credits. Tesla sold a total of $68 million worth of the credits, 12% of its total revenue in the first quarter (O’Brien). Despite the source of the income, Tesla Motors stock price rose 17% when the quarterly report was released (Seetharaman). Another contributing factor to the run-away stock price is that historically Tesla stock has been a favorite amongst investors for shorting. One analyst at Barron’s reported that as much as 45% of Tesla outstanding shares were shorted until the first quarter earnings were released (O’Brien). When the  stock began its climb, the short sellers were forced to buy back at higher prices than they had hoped to, which effectively drove the market price higher. Investors also responded favorably to the news that the Model S won The Car and Driver Magazine’s Car of the Year for 2013 and again when the Model S earned the highest score ever given to an automobile by Consumer’s Reports (O’Brien, Finger). The forward price earnings ratio for Tesla Motors is in the neighborhood of 170. A high price-earnings ratio suggests that investors are expecting future growth and earnings. An exceptionally high P/E is indicative of a speculative bubble and overvaluation. Market Capitalization for Tesla Motors Inc. has doubled within the last couple months and is now over $22 billion. The value of an enterprise for profit is dependent on what it can produce or profit from moving forward into the future, and in doing so increase the wealth of the ownership. Tesla Motors will produce roughly 20,000 cars this year and plans on doubling that output for 2014. That makes every car Tesla produced this year worth $1.1 million of stock. Compare that number to â€Å"luxury automaker BMW that has a market cap of$52.79 billion on global sales of 1.85 million cars or $28.53 thousand per car. Mercedes Benz produces cars at $43.4 thousand per car using the same calculation (Finger). Tesla will have to produce hundreds of thousands of vehicles to support a stock price even half of what it is currently. With the limited amount of demand at the current price, the stock can soar as high as the market will allow it, but the price will have no foundation and will eventually crumble down. The over-valuation leaves Tesla poised for a buyout or takeover by a larger manufacturer. Tesla Motors is obviously good at what it does. The technology developed by the company is being used by other more established automobile makers, such as Toyota and Daimler. The problem with specialization is that it leaves a company, especially a large one, vulnerable to changes in technology, market shifts and consumer sentiments. Tesla has all of its eggs in one basket. A significant shift in the market, a radical change in technology or even consumers warming to the hybrid concept before taking to the electric one; would be the end for the new car company. It seems that Tesla has nothing to fall back on, no contingency or alternate plan. Although Tesla has taken the electric vehicle to new heights, the technology is not break-through and the concept is not mind blowing. The whole package is a winning combination, in a small segment of the market. The company may be headquartered in California and founded by geeks, but it is still an automobile producer. The automotive industry is dominated by an oligopoly of corporations that historically have been successful at weeding out smaller companies just like Tesla Motors. The competition is fierce and the pockets are deep, economies of scale are a reality in automobile manufacturing. The patents and proprietary technology that Tesla holds right now will be meaningless in a matter of a few years, or several months. If the demand for electric cars increases significantly, Tesla will be forced to compete. Without the differentiation that Tesla has now, the company doesn’t have much of a chance. Tesla has a challenging future; in order to survive it must lower its costs and crank up production. The niche market of wealthy movie stars that want to be seen in a Tesla Roadsters isn’t going to get them there. The high price people are willing to pay for their stock isn’t going to either. Tesla Motors Inc. produces amazing all electric vehicles that are sporty, luxurious, and state of the art. The company’s CEO and spokesperson, Elon Musk is an innovative billionaire, who is enthusiastic, confident, and as cool as the Tesla Roadster. The company has turned the automotive industry upside-down and investors want a piece of it. The stock price is just waiting for another promising news story or SEC filing to soar even higher.†Tesla is, according to all the critics, an incredible car, but it is a company held together with financial bubblegum† (Finger). The only question is when will the bubble burst? Works Cited About Tesla Motors. Teslamotors.com, 2013. Web. 23 Sep 2013. . Alpert, Bill. Recharge Now!. Online.barrons.com, 2013. Web. 24 Sep 2013.

An Analytical Essay on the Double-edged Sword in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on the Double-edged Sword in Hamlet   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's tale is a tragic one because it presents a man who is in the center of a moral dilemma. It is difficult enough for a man to face what is making him angry even under normal circumstances. Hamlet's circumstances are certainly not normal.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's dilemma, whether or not he should kill the king, is compounded by three things. He is extremely angry and hurt over the murder of his father. He cannot express that anger to others because in his position it would be political suicide. Finally, human nature demands that he express that anger somehow. Thus Hamlet faces a double-edged sword, he must express his anger somehow and that will lead to his downfall.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet (correctly) blames his uncle, Claudius, for the death of his father. Further compounding the issue is the fact that Claudius is now the King of Denmark and is married to Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. Hamlet feels robbed of his both his father and his birthright. There is no doubt that Claudius is responsible for the crime, the next course of action would, of course, be to kill him.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is not that simple.   Gertrude seems quite happy in her life with her new husband. Although Hamlet is infuriated with her as well for marrying Claudius so soon after her husband's death, he still loves her and does not wish any harm to come to her. Furthermore, if Hamlet were to kill Claudius, especially at this point, the people of Denmark would no doubt suspect the truth. This would only anger Hamlet even more since he feels that he would get caught for his 'justifiable homicide' and Claudius did not get caught for his crime. All Hamlet can do is keep quiet, and that only makes him even more frustrated.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, Hamlet cannot continue to hold his strong feelings inside for very long. Like shaking a bottle of soda, the pressure builds and builds until, eventually, the bottle will explode. Hamlet begins exploding with his passive-aggressive behavior towards the king and queen. He puts on a play that almost exactly displays the crime of which Claudius is guilty right before his eyes. However, even knowing beyond any doubt now that Claudius is guilty, Hamlet still cannot bring himself to kill him. The bottle does not explode completely until the duel at the climax of the play.

Chemistry Study Guide

Chemistry: Study Guide * Question 1 10 out of 10 points | | | According to VSEPR theory, which one of the following molecules should have a  bent   shape? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Cl2O| | | | | * Question 2 10 out of 10 points | | | According to the VSEPR theory, the molecular shape of SiCl4  isAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  tetrahedral. | | | | | * Question 3 10 out of 10 points | | | According to the VSEPR theory, the shape of the SO3  molecule isAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:| trigonal planar. | | | | | * Question 4 10 out of 10 points | | Balance the following equation using the smallest set of whole numbers, then add together the coefficients. Don't forget to count coefficients of one. ___ Al + ___ H2SO4  > ___ Al2(SO4)3  + ___ H2 The sum of the coefficients isAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  9. | | | | | * Question 5 10 out of 10 points | | | Consider the species Cl2+, Cl2, and Cl2?. Which of these species will be paramagnetic? Answer| | | | | Select ed Answer:|   Ã‚  Cl2+  and Cl2? | | | | | * Question 6 10 out of 10 points | | | How many O atoms are there in 51. 4 g CaSO4?Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  9. 09 ? 1023| | | | | * Question 7 10 out of 10 points | | | How many covalent bonds will a nitrogen atom usually form? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  3| | | | | * Question 8 10 out of 10 points | | | How many grams of Cl2  can be prepared from the reaction of 16. 0 g of MnO2  and 30. 0 g of HCl according to the following chemical equation? MnO2  + 4HCl > MnCl2  + Cl2  + 2H2OAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  13. 0G| | | | | * Question 9 10 out of 10 points | | | How many grams of sodium are there in 10. g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:| 3. 2| | | | | * Question 10 10 out of 10 points | | | In which of the following would the bonding be  weakened  with the addition of an electron to form the negative molecular ion? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  N2| | | | | * Question 11 0 out of 10 points | | | In which of these pairs of atoms would the bond have the  greatest  percent ionic character (i. e. , most polar)? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:| c-o  Ã‚  s-o f–f| | | | | * Question 12 10 out of 10 points | | | Indicate the type of hybrid orbitals used by the central atom in PCl3.Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  sp3| | | | | uestion 13 10 out of 10 points | | | The F? S? F bond angles in SF6  areAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  90 ° and 180 °. | | | | | * Question 14 10 out of 10 points | | | The Lewis dot symbol for the a lead atom isAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  | Not A| | | | * Question 15 10 out of 10 points | | | The Lewis structure for CS2  is:Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  | | | | | * Question 16 10 out of 10 points | | | The number of pi bonds in the molecule below is Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  3| | | | | Question 17 10 out of 10 points | | | T he number of resonance structures for the nitrate ion that satisfies the octet rule isAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:| 3| | | | | Question 18 Question 18 10 out of 10 points | | | The shape of the CS2  molecule is best described asAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  linear. | | | | | | | | * Question 19 0 out of 10 points | | | What is the formal charge on sulfur in the best Lewis structure for the SCN? (thiocyanate) ion? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  ? 1 +2 -2+1| | | | | * Question 20 10 out of 10 points | | What type of chemical bond holds the atoms together within a water molecule? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Polar covalent bond Question 2110 out of 10 points | | | When 22. 0 g NaCl and 21. 0 g H2SO4  are mixed and react according to the equation below, which is the limiting reagent? 2NaCl + H2SO4  > Na2SO4  + 2HClAnswer| | | | | Selected Answer:| | | | | | | | | | * Question 22 10 out of 10 points | | | Which of the following correctly li sts species in order of  increasing  bond length? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  O2+  ; O2  ; O2? | | | | | * Question 23 0 out of 10 points | | | Which of these atom is the  most  electronegative? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  P| | | | | Question 24 10 out of 10 points | | | Which of these compounds is most likely to be ionic? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  KF| | | | | * Question 25 10 out of 10 points | | | Which of these elements is most likely to exhibit an expanded octet in its compounds? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:| s| | | | | * Question 26 0 out of 10 points | | | Which of these ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  CaBr2NaF, NaCl| | | | * Question 27 10 out of 10 points | | | Which of these pairs of elements would be most likely to form an ionic compound? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Cl ; Mg| | | | | * Question 28 10 out of 10 points | | | Which of these su bstances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure? Answer| | | | | NO| | | | | uestion 29 10 out of 10 points | | | Which response includes all the molecules below that do not follow the octet rule? (1) H2S  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2) BCl3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3) PH3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (4) SF4Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  (2) and (4)| | | | |

Group Decision Making Essay

Abstract Group decision making is imperative for deciding what action a group should take. This paper aims to define the process of group decision making and examine the discipline, theory, paradigm, and methodology that dominate approaches to group decision-making research. Furthermore, it provides an outline of the research’s perceptual process and endeavors to address an appropriate alternative approach to this research problem, and an evaluation of qualitative and quantitative research designs for this area of research. These are discussed in connection with selected empirical data. Critical Review of Group Decision Making Research Group decision making is one of the most significant and methodological ways of overcoming and/or resolving certain conflicts with the aid of other individuals. It becomes a more controversial in deciding what action a group should take due to the varieties of systems, which are acknowledged in order to solve a particular conflict. Decision making in a certain group is frequently evaluated in a separate manner, as the issue with regard to the process and outcome is concerned. While such a process of group decision making refers to how every member of a group interacts with the others, the outcome is the result of preferred method or action that the entire group has taken. A number of masters from prestigious universities have been arguing with regard to the critical review of group decision-making research since the 19th century. One of the world-renown masters of that time was James Stoner who observed that group decisions are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization (Stoner, 1961). During the period subsequent to the time when he released his masters’ thesis and scholarly articles concerning the critical review of group decision-making research, numerous researched studies with empirical bases have shown that such a perilous modification is omnipresent or ubiquitous occurrence. Moreover, there is the presence of judiciousness on certain group decisions than the members (Moscovici & Zavalloni. 1969; Myers & Lamm, 1976). However, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will take place as a commencing disposition of an individual group members toward a specified way is increased subsequent to the given group decision. For instance, a group of pro-feminist women will be more powerfully pro-feminist subsequent to the given group decision (Myers. 1975). Therefore, on decisions that present to every individual group and/or member, a reasonable disposition in a specified way comes along with a group decision, which belongs to a more reasonable disposition in the same way. Critical Review on a Group Decision Some other conceptualization with regard to the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will be superfluous due the number of outstanding reviews and/or conceptualization until 1970s (Myers & Lamm, 1976). Throughout this time, the arguments concerning such a conceptualization have become remarkable. Hence, numerous researchers contributed various ideologies and significant contributions to produce group decisions, which are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization. In latter years, vehemence for group research with regard to disposition has begun to lessen; it has believed that a thorough retrospective view or survey will contribute to the reorientation of research in such a field. In addition to this view, reassessment will also incorporate the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, with other gregarious or communal imaginary and cognitive phenomena. Thus, this research concludes by proposing a few significant matters of desegregation. Moreover, basic cognitive process will be involved in obtaining and storing more knowledge and insights upon demonstrating convincing disputation and communal distinction intervening the doctrine that all natural phenomena are explicable by material causes and mechanical principles within the bounds of group decision making. Study of this consequence shows that subsequent in time of taking part in a discussion group, every member tends to propose greater whereabouts; the demand for more perilous procedures of exploit than individuals who do not take part in any such discourse becomes inevitable. This incident has given birth to the perilous modification of group decision making. Moreover, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, is used in order to explicate and give light to the decision making of a panel or a group of people legally selected to hear a case and to decide what are the facts. Contemporary studies of world-renown scholars and savants show that subsequent in time to meditating into a single group, simulated panel of experts frequently determines retaliatory impairment prior to deliberation. Hence, the studies showed that when the favor of the panel of experts is given to an individual that bears insufficient facts and/or explications with regard to the extant issues, matters of argumentation might lead to a more compassionate outcome. While the panel of experts is influenced to ordain an efficacious or disastrous treatment, such contemporary discourse could yield severe and arduous circumstances to cope with. Progress in Analysis of Group Decision Making Brown’s (1965) innovative discourse of such a perilous modification, one of the vital vindications of selected changes, has been a communal juxtaposition. Based on the entire view of this conceptualization, people are regularly encouraged both to identify and to introduce themselves in a gregarious suitable illumination. To do this, every individual should be constantly preparing knowledge and insights with regard to how other groups of people introduce themselves, and changing his/her personal investiture. Some adaptations of social comparison theory shows that the number of people wishes to be understood as more advantageous than what other groups of people comprehend to be the standard movement. In one case that every individual distinguishes how most other people demonstrate and/or introduce themselves, he or she present him/herself in a reasonable illumination or awareness. Whenever all members of a colluding group involve in the same examination of such a methodological or systematic procedure, the outcome, therefore, is a mean modification in a way of valuable community. There is the presence of two fluctuations of the said temporal arrangement; one is that highlights the displacements of cognitive contents, which have multiple numbers of aspects, while the other one concerns the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor. Based on the studies of such a pluralistic ignorance, every individual or group of people introduces itself and/or its own positions as a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions in the interval of two different proclivities—the petition to be bound by mutual interests, loyalties, or affections to an individual’s own conception of absolute perfection. In addition to this view, the desire not to be aberrant from the notion of the inner direction of a certain group is also acknowledged. Thus, prior to group discussion review or argument, every member of a particular group trivializes the standards of the group ab initio. Evaluation from the primary valuations of their personal standards becomes distant to some extent or degree. Throughout the argumentations, which are unfolded by the entire group, every individual or member of the group is acknowledged nigh to the right standards; hence, an instance of divergence or disagreement by the common action of how good a group member is and how he or she likes to be ostensible. On delving into the second set of options, a group member directly changes to a more idealistic thought or matter of argumentations. As such, the strategic method of group decision making with most group members is acknowledged. Therefore, the theory concerning pluralistic ignorance is that it prevails for the mere reason of precise exchange of information with regard to the true beliefs of most members of the group in spite of the fact that it might be due to the preconception, which has a basis in or reducible to empirical factual knowledge (Jones & Nisbett, 1972). Other evaluators made a thorough explication concerning the possible outcomes of procedures in relation to the social comparison. These evaluations have become a more controversial along the issue concerning such matters of argument in which the group of people are encouraged by an aspiration to be unique from the other groups of people in a more precious and significant way or direction of feelings and/or thoughts (Fromkin, 1970). Moreover, these people are also encouraged to introduce themselves in a more advantageous way than the other groups of people. Briefly, such a group of people desires to be unique and become better than other groups of people. As an analogy, Brown expresses his own feelings by acknowledging the fact that when creating pre-valuations in a certain aspect, every individual member of the group gives him/herself a valuation, which is moderately advantageous than the valuation that he or she takes for granted—the norm or standards the mean group member will share. For a better comprehension with regard to this conceptualization, when a member directly or indirectly deducts the precise standards, he or she then develops his or her personal valuations; hence, making the general options with regard to the perilous modification becomes inevitable to acknowledge. Inasmuch as the technical aspects of making the perilous modification in cognitive contents, which have multiple aspects, the technical aspects concerning a current or fashionable trend is a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions by the common action of self-enhancement and self-abasement. Indeed, however, it may be quite arduous to acknowledge these two technical aspects theoretically. Nevertheless, there are respective imbrications on the pluralistic ignorance and current or fashionable trends. To support such an argument, the general reference for social comparison comes from presentations that coherent knowledge and insights with regard to the standards of other group members is able to make conformation bias. It takes place when combined or neutral vestige is used to reinforce an already made and intelligibly one-sided point of view. Consequently, every member of the group on both sides may therefore make an action or any movement farther apart, when he or she is presented with the same combined vestige. Such e strategic effect is called ‘mere exposure’ effects in which numerous researched studies have tried creating this terminology for further explication of the denotations of the perilous modification within the group decision making. Processing the Information that Affects the Group Decision Making A number of scholarly studies with regard to the group decision making from different pats of the world have been published; now, it remains one of the global contemporary issues. The original perilous modification research of Stoner (1961) has been globally recognized upon the use of certain outlines of the summary with a dramatic or literary work—the scenario, which shows the value of perils that a group member thinks what action he or she should take. For a better comprehension, it is explained with the best example, which Stoner used. He shows such a perilous modification through playing with a chess—the moves, careers shifts, professional shifts etc. In addition, other studies concern the probability of such a perilous modification. It is showed through the frequent exposure of conditions in which it is more likely to be substantial than any moderate exposure of such conditions; mixed with non-significant. Some studies argue that a certain member’s option or a standard on the matter of argument is methodological function of numerous pro and con debates. It is acknowledged as an individual calls back the memory when hypothesizing his or her personal thought or standards. Therefore, in forming an opinion or estimation of the guilt or innocence of an accused person after careful consideration, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law comes to pre-deliberation decisions in accordance with the respective number and strength of the pro-guilt and pro-innocence statements. Consequently, a formal discourse on a topic or an exposition becomes the cause of an individual’s modification of his or her thought with regard to the running skepticism in the court. During the period subsequent to the time when the conceptualization of the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty is acknowledged, a number of studies distinguish the characteristics of statements, which lead them into being convincing. Moreover, some studies express the denotations of perilous modification. They show this through presenting deputations on the statements within the group members. For a better comprehension concerning this ideology, a specified group may or may not change the way, which has given to it. While every member thinks of producing a good outcome, the arguments take place from the other members of the group. Thus, the function of originality is certainly and specifically determined. However, if such statements or arguments are given from the fact that the individual member is already acquainted with such matter of argumentations, he or she then cannot modify or change his or her position or standards of thinking or sharing his or her thoughts with the other members of the group of choice (Kaplan, 1997). Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs As such, if new convincing arguments are given, but opposing the way that has been pre-approved by the group member, their standards will be modified reversely. Hence, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law who pre-approved one who is justly chargeable with or responsible for a usually grave breach of conduct or a crime will come to regard a more guilty opinion or treat him or her with favor. This occurrence takes place only if he or she is liable to the new statements, which give favor to the fact of having committed a breach of conduct especially violating law and involving a penal. The condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group, as the issue with regard to the process by which other studies or scholarly researched articles produce, accommodates two general empirical bases. One is that concerns the given correct information. To understand better, such studies or scholarly articles anticipate the methodological system and extent of selecting the thought to be unfolded on the matters of argumentation whether they are breaking up into opposing factions or grouping, or causing to become partially or wholly unbroken up to opposing factions. In addition to this statement or argument with regard to the critical review of group decision making, the number of studies make it easier to bring out the conceptual coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality or with the individual’s environment, or the operation of finding a function whose differential is known and/or solving a different equation. In view of that fact, the fundamental technical aspect is the same for statements, which have been processed in a more advanced and secure system, or in a mutual or reciprocal action or influence with the other people or group members. Therefore, to support the entire conceptualization of this view, the vestige for the proposition that convincing statements alone may yield choice modification and a position of polarization, which has been assumed for a specific purpose—boldly supported by advanced explications of polarization (Pruitt, 197la. 1971b). Conclusion I have learned substantially from the said research and conceptualization of contemporary argumentations with regard to the critical review of group decision making and it impelled me to seek various means to learn the more advanced and methodological process of critical thinking and evaluation on the group decision-making. First, I have learned to perceive more contemplatively. This means, prior to making decisions or establishing beliefs, a group member must be aware that he or she has personal biases about certain things and he or she should not let this get in the way of arriving at an accurate perception and wise decision. Second, I have learned that by being more involved and by listening to and observing people a particular member of the group, who joins the arguments while discussing the best things to gain favorable outcomes, would be able to gain a broader perspective, if not a holistic view, of people and circumstances as a whole. This means that he or she should not only be satisfied with what he or she sees or wants to see but endeavor to look further and probe deeper into what is actually happening that he or she could not directly sense. Moreover, he or she should also verify his or her perceptions and the conclusions he or she has reached through critical thinking by communicating and learning more about the entities involved. These helpful hints have caused substantial improvement in my critical thinking process relative not only to the office works but to all the other daily activities as well. They have led me to perceive accurately, think critically and gain greater understanding of people and contemporary events. References Brown. R. (1965). Social psychology. New York: Free Press. Fromkin. H. (1970). Effects of experimentally aroused feelings of indistinctiveness upon valuation of scarce and novel experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16. 521-529 Jones, E. E.. & Nisbett R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, E. E. Kanouse. H. H. Kelley. R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins. & B. Veiner(Eds. ). Attribution. Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown. NJ: General Learning Press. Kaplan. M. F. (1977). Discussion polarization effects in a modified jury decision paradigm: Informational influences. Sociomeir): 40, 262-271 Moscovici. S. , & Zavalloni. M. (1969). The group as a polarizer of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 12. I25-135. Myers, D. G. (1975). Discussion-induced attitude polarization. Human Relations, 28, 699-714 Myers. D. G. , & Lamm. H. (1975). The polarizing effect of group discussion. American Scientist, 63. 297-303. Pruitl, D. G. (197 la). Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20, 339-360. — (197lb). Conclusions: Toward an understanding of choice shifts in group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20. 495-510. Stoner, J. A. F. (1961). A comparison of individual and group decisions involving risk. Unpublished master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA.

What Is Summer School Guide for High School Students

What Is Summer School Guide for High School Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you think of how you want to spend your summer vacation, sitting in a classroom is probably not the first thing that comes to mind.However, summer school can be a great way for you to get ahead in high school and give yourself an advantage in college admissions. These days students with all kinds of grades take summer classes. You might take summer school to understand a particular subject better,to free up more time in your schedule during the school year, or to take an advanced class at your high school, nearby college, or online. Read this complete guide on summer school for high school students to learneverything you need to know about what summer school is, why people take it, and how you can use it to get ahead. What Is Summer School? You probably know that summer school refers to classes that students take during the summer, outside of the regular academic school year.However, more specifically, summer school for high school students can be a lot of different things: It can be a way for you to retake a class you found difficult, take specialized courses in areas that interest you, get a head-start on prerequisites and college classes, and more. Summer school can be classes done through your high school, at a community college or local university, or through a program that includes classes, such as a summer camp. Online summer school, where students take classes primarily on a computer at home, is becoming more popular. Many of these classes require students to visit the school once or twice to take exams or turn in final projects, but some classes are also offered completely online.Online classes may be offered through your high school, a college or university, or through a specialized online high school program. Why Do Students Take Summer School? As mentioned above, there are multiple reasons why a high school student would take classes over the summer. Below are three of the most common reasons. Reason 1: To Improve Their Grades Historically, the most common reason thatpeople took summer school was that they needed to improve their grades in one or more classes. There are still many students who take summer school for this reason, and many of them find it easier to earn bettergrades during the summer because summer school often hassmaller classes, more one-on-one interaction with the teacher, and fewer distractions, such as other classes, school sports, or clubs to worry about. Reason 2: To Take Specialized Classes Sometimes, students will also take summer school classes in order to take a certain class they wouldn’t be able to enroll in during the school year.This could be a class they don’t have room in their schedule for or a specialized class, such as a course on a specific subject or an intensive foreign language course. Some schools also offer short certificate programs over the summer. These can cover a variety of topics, such as entrepreneurship, computer science, and more. Sometimes schools offer classes during the summer that they don’t normally offer during the school year. You will likely have an even wider variety of summer school class options if you look at classes at community colleges or online.Taking a specialized class can allow you to learn more about a topic you’re interested in and help you gain new skills and knowledge. Reason 3: To Prepare For College Summer school can also help you get a head start on the rest of your education, including college. Some students take summer school as a way to get prerequisites out of the way so that they can take more advanced classes during the school year. At my high school, every student was required to take a basic typing class before they graduated, and many students took this class over the summer because it wasn’t very challenging and could be taken online. This gave us an extra space in our schedule to fill with an elective we wanted to take. You can also take community college classes over the summer, which you may be able to get high school or college credit for. These classes can help you get more used to what college classes will be like so that you feel more prepared and confident once you start college. Having college classes, even introductory classes from a community college, will also strengthen your college applications because it will show schools that you can handle the rigor of a college course. How Can You Do Well in Summer School? Whatever the reason you’re taking summer school classes, it’s important that you do well in them. They’re using up some of your important summer time, and you want to make sure you don’t waste that time by doing poorly in the classes. Summer school classes are a bit different from classes taken during the school year, and there are a few strategies you can use to maximize your chances of success. Tip 1: Take Fewer Classes at a Time Unless you absolutely need to take multiple classes in order to graduate, it’s a good idea to only take 1-2 classes at a time during summer school.Summer school classes are often shorter than regular classes (often 6-8 weeks long, compared to a whole semester), so they are usuallymore intensive and require a greater time commitment. Taken fewer classesis especially important if you are retaking a particular class because you’ll be ableto be able to focus more of your time and energy on getting a higher grade this time around if you don’t have other classes to worry about. Tip 2: Create a Study Schedule Taking summer classes can be hard. There are probably a lot of things you’d rather be doing like seeing your friends, being outside, playing sports,etc.,and it can be easy to get distracted. Either before or right after you start summer school, create a study schedule that lets you plan when you will put aside time to study and do homework.If you can set aside the same time every day, like 4:00-5:30pm every afternoon, that can make it easier to stick to your study schedule and plan other activities.Set goals for what you want to accomplish each day or week, whether it’s a project you need to complete, papers to read, or just general studying and homework. On the other hand, make sure you are giving yourself enough time to take a break and relax. Summer school can be demanding, and if you overtax yourself, you may end up burned out by the time the school year starts, which you don’t want to do because it could cause your other grades to suffer.If you need help creating your study schedule, ask a parent or teacher for some guidance. Tip 3: Ask For Help Early Summer school classes are often smaller than regular classes, and this means you’ll have more interaction with the teacher. Use this to your advantage by asking for help early if something confuses you or doesn’t make sense.Particularly if you are retaking a class you struggled in before, you want to make sure you don’t repeat the same mistakes you did the first time.Teachers are happy to help students who ask, and they won’t think any questions you askare dumb, so don’t be afraid to let them know you need something explained more or in a different way. If you’ve already taken the class before and know whichareas you struggled in, you may want to tell this to your teacher early on so they can prepare you for the topic better and possiblygive you some additional material to look over to make sure you understand the subject. Asking a teacher for extra help as soon as you don't understand the material can help you keep your grades up in summer school. Should You Take Summer School? If you’re wondering whether or not to take summer school, ask yourself the following three questions. If any of the scenarios apply to you, then you may want to consider summer classes. For each scenario, the best way to take these summer classes is also mentioned so you can be sure you get the benefits you want out of summer school. Question 1: Do You Want, or Need, to Improve Your Grades? Is there an especially low grade on your transcript that you wish you could erase?If you did poorly in a certain class, summer school is a great way to redeem yourself and retake the class for (hopefully!) a better grade. Even just one especially low grade, such as a D or F, can really bring down your GPA and hurt your chances of getting into competitivecolleges.Even if the class shows up as a retake on your transcript, if you got a good grade in itthe second time around, that will look much better than havinga very low grade. Best option: If this is the case for you, you will probably take your summer school classes through your high school in order to improve your grade in a particular class. Question 2: Are There Specific Classes You're Interested in Taking? Is there a class you’d like to take that is only offered in the summer or you don’t have time to take during the school year? Summer school could be a way to fit it into your schedule. You could get creative here and take a class in photography, wilderness skills, a foreignlanguage, ora differentinterest you have. Summer school doesn't have to be boring! Best option: Depending on which classes you’re interested in, you can take them through your high school, at a community college, at a summer program, or online. Talk to your academic adviserif you’re not sure which classes to take and want to know what your options are. If you take classes at a place other than your high school, make sure you understand exactly if and how you will receive credit for them. Question 3: Do You Want to Get Ahead on Classes? Are you trying to get prerequisitesout of the way or want totake advanced classes toimprove your chances of getting into a competitive college? If so, taking summer classes can be a way for you to have more space in your schedule for other classes, strengthen your transcript, and be more prepared for college. Best option: If you’re trying to take some prerequisites over the summer, you’ll probably take them through your high school because courses through other schools may not meet the prereq requirements. If you want to take classes to prepare you for college, you will likely take these at a community college or nearby university. You may also be able to take advanced summer classes through your high school. Should You Do Online Summer School? Online summer school for high school students is becoming more and more popular, and it’s easy to see why. Online classes often allow you to do schoolwork on your own schedule and reduce the time and hassle of traveling to class.However, is online summer school a good idea for everyone? Online classes can have several drawbacks including the following: Less direct interaction with the instructor Requires more self-motivation Can be more challenging to understand If you’re trying to decide whether or not to take summer school online, you should talk to people who know your study habits, such as teachers and parents, to help make the best decision. However, in general, you shouldn’t take online summer school classes if you struggle to motivate yourself to study and complete work on time, or if you struggled with the class before and want more guidance from and interaction with the instructor.Both of these issuescan be exacerbated with online classes. You should also base your decision on how difficult you expect the class to be. For a relatively easy class, you need to take as a basic graduation requirement, such as typing or health, online classes will likely cause you fewer problems than if you were taking a more challenging course. Because the class you're taking isn't that difficult, you'll be able to handle the issuesthat online classes can sometimes create, and you'll be able to easily get the class out of the way and focus on tougher classes during the school year. Summary There are many reasons for students take summer school, whether it’s to improve their grades, take a certain class they couldn’t take during the school year, or become more prepared for college. Summer school can be taken through your high school, at a community or local college, or through a company or organization that offers summer classes. Most summer classes are in-person, but online classes are becoming more popular. You don’t want to waste your summer taking a class you end up not doing well in. In order to make sure you get good grades in summer school you should limit the number of classes you take, create a study schedule, and ask for help early on if you don’t understand the material. If you’re not sure whetheryou should take summer school or you don’t know what classes to take, talk to a teacher, parent, or academic adviserto figure out what the best option for you is. What's Next? Want to learn more about online high school? Check out our guide to online high schooland learn if it's the right choice for you. Is there a certain class you want to take, but it isn't offered by your school or doesn't fit into your schedule? You may be able to take an independent study! Read this guide for everything you need to know about independent study classes and how to take one yourself. Trying to decide whether to take an AP class or a class at a community college? We go over the pros and cons of each to help you make the best decision. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How To Change Your Writing Style

How To Change Your Writing Style How To Change Your Writing Style How To Change Your Writing Style By Sharon When you work as a freelance writer, you often need to alter your writing style to meet your clients needs. One day you might be writing for a finance publication; the next day you might supply content for a dating site. This is a normal part of the life of a working writer. Sometimes you may need to write for different nationalities. While formal English around the world may be pretty similar, informal writing will vary depending on whether youre writing for an American, Canadian, British or Australian audience. Whatever the case, you need to nail the style and the vocabulary to get the job done right. Elements Of Style So how do you change your writing style when you need to? And how do you know what makes each style different from the others? One of the first steps is to identify your own writing style. I know that I usually write in a British style. That means long sentences and clauses. Writing web content for American readers means short sentences. Its like good good web content writing, except that you use one main idea per sentence. If youre an American writing for a British publication, then you can use long, complicated sentences. If youre British and are writing for an American publication, keep it short and direct. Make good use of style guides to find out about typical word usage. Watch Your Language The language is different, too. Let me give you an example. I recently wrote some articles on real estate for a UK firm. That meant that instead of real estate I said property. Instead of realtor, I said estate agent. Instead of adjustable rate mortgages, I said variable rate mortgages. A good tip for finding out the right vocabulary is to visit a reputable site based in the country. For finance, I use the Motley Fool, which has both a US and a UK version. Slang And Spelling Apart from serious articles, its useful to understand the current slang. Try visiting a chat room to see how people from different places express themselves. You can also read newspapers and magazines from those countries. A final tip is to watch your spelling. Get a good dictionary or online dictionary to check the spelling thats appropriate for a particular audience. Its easy to write successfully for different audiences. In fact, writing in a different style is a bit like acting. While you write the piece you pretend to be someone else. Once you have written the article, you go back to being you. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleAmong vs. AmongstConversational Email

Distribution of duties based on gender roles Research Paper

Distribution of duties based on gender roles - Research Paper Example Moral judgments about the gender based household duties of individuals are made by people in our daily life. Each and every individual owes some kind of work as their daily chores and others placed the demand for it on the individual who owes it. That kind of work is said to be the duty of the individual that the person is obliged to perform. Gender roles are often defined in the cultural context. The overall power relations that existed between the women and the men living in a society determine the distribution of their duties on the basis of gender identity. Basic inequalities among gender exist to a large extent within the households in relation to the household works they are assigned. In many societies even in the twenty first century the professional life of women are accepted only when they could well maintained their household duties along with their outdoor works . Whereas the working of the men outside home is natural and taken for granted. This inequality implies inequali ties in employment status of male and female and also their relations within the family. (Buckley and Moghaddam, 2-5; Sen) Thus the discrimination among men and women on the basis of the distribution of duties of their households in their everyday life is the social phenomenon that is intended to be studied in the paper. The paper reflects that shopping affects gender in a very extensive way through society The research hypothesis The situations of the households have changed over the years and the shares of the household chores performed by the male members of the family have experienced a significant positive change but women contributes larger proportion of the household works especially related ot shopping trends, till date. Research designs and methods Interest for the study The classic work done by Friedman in the year 1963 and then continued by Oakley in the year 1974 urged the sociologists to focus on the issue of the study of household work which was otherwise considered as a topic too marginal to be studied as relevant part of sociology (Buckley and Moghaddam, 6). Sociologists have now become increasingly interested in studying the social factors that determine the work performance of households and the topic became the focus for sophisticated research. There are certain findings that appear in literature work more consistently though the study of the household sector has not really been able to produce a consensus yet among general people. Among those findings what appears to be well documented mostly is that a greater share of the household chores and daily household works are performed by the female members of the family than the male members. Studies suggested that the females of the family invariably perform the largest share of the daily household duties though the relative shares of the work performed by the male and female members vary in terms of individuals’ characteristics and the household circumstances in which they are living the ir livelihood (Buckley and Moghaddam, 6). However with the changing nature of the society the situations of the households are also changing. Most of the couples in the twenty first century are trying to live a more balanced life with a more or less proper sharing of the household works. As women of the twenty first century are catching up with the capacity of their male counterparts in each and every aspects of life (be it political, social and even in economical aspects), the

Describe the journey of a Red Blood Cell around the body Essay

Describe the journey of a Red Blood Cell around the body - Essay Example A spectrin network attached to the lipid bilayer contains several organic proteins, phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol. This type of attachment increases the stiffness of the RBC. Moreover, this sort of spectrin protein allows the free diffusion of vital component from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid. (Li & Lykotrafittis, 2012). The journey of red blood cells (erythrocytes) usually begins in the circulatory system. During their passage through the blood vessels the erythrocytes undergo several important changes in shape and structure particularly when needed to pass through the narrow passages in the circulatory system. An erythrocyte is a biconcave disc of a diameter ranging between 6-8 microns, with mean thickness of 2.5 micrometres at the periphery and approximately 1 micrometre towards the centre of the cell (Guyton & Hall, 2006). Transporting of oxygen from lung to various other organs is the function of the RBCs during their journey in the human circulatory system. Importantly, this oxygen available for the functioning of organs is stored into the haemoglobin of RBC and when it reaches its particular destination, oxygen is liberated from haemoglobin and it moves through the cellular passive diffusion. Furthermore, carbon dioxide (CO2) that is released after cellular activities is then again fused with haemoglobin of RBC. This deoxygenated blood due to presence of CO2 into the haemoglobin then enters into the heart, and is finally diffused to the lungs. It was reported that in some lower animals (some invertebrates), Hb is present as a free protein in plasma and it is not bound to the RBCs like in human beings. The total life span of each erythrocyte in the circulation is 120 days (Dean, 2005). But during this period if any of them gets damaged, then they could be eliminated from the circulatory system with the help of macrophages which is usually present in the bone marrow, spleen or in the liver (Premkumar, 2004). A normal man has an average of 5,200,000 red blood cells (RBC) per cubic millimetre and a normal woman has an average of 4,700,000 RBCs per cubic millimetre (Guyton & Hall, 2006). Around 3 million red blood cells (RBC) enter the circulation each second (Starr & McMillan, 2012). Haemoglobin is usually concentrated in the red blood cells (RBC); the metabolic limit of haemoglobin-forming mechanism of the body allows only a maximum concentration of 34grams of Haemoglobin in each 100 millilitres of cells (Guyton & Hall, 2006). In any normal and healthy individual, the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration remains at this maximum permitted level. 2. Bone marrow, Journey and Production of erythrocytes: Production of the erythrocytes from the bone marrow is called erythropoiesis (Schlossberg & Zuiderna, 1997). Apart from bone marrow, red blood cells are also produced by various other organs during the early development of human body. Yolk Sac is the primary site of the production of RBCs during the early embryonic p eriod (Guyton & Hall, 2006, p. 421). Liver serves as the main organ for RBC production during the middle trimester of gestation while lymph nodes and spleen also produce an amount of RBCs during this stage of development (Guyton & Hall, 2006, p. 421). Bone marrow is an important part of human body for the production of red blood cells (RBC) during the last month of gestation and soon after the birth (Guyton & Hall, 2